Understanding Civil Society in Europe

Despite striking differences in functions, parameters or relationship to the state, there can be no doubt about the existence of a European civil society. However, the understanding of civil society has been shaped by different historical and regional influences within Europe. What are the different understandings and modes of operation of civil society in Europe? Where do different understandings become a problem for cooperation? Which definition of civil society can serve as a basis? How can national and regional differences be used constructively? What is the role of a vibrant civil society in defending an open, cosmopolitan and democratic society?